2 Balombwana [Constantine + Hillel] ÷ 2 Makanze = 1 Kucenga Kupati

Kumwi kubeja kupati akataa misela yoonse kwakacitigwa mucuulu amyaanda ciloba yamyaka yakainda abalombwana bobile. Muleli waku Loma, Constantine, nguwaacita cintu cibyaabi boobu: walo wakaswaanganya bantu mubulelo bwakwe kwiinda mukusumpula buzuba bwa Nsondo kuti mbobuzuba Mufutuli Yahushua naakabuka kuzwa kubafu, akukasya kubelesya Kkalenda lya Bbaibbele kubalila akujanya buzuba bwa Pasika; eeco wakacicita kwiinda mukubikka mulawo wamfulumende. Eeci cakaletelezya tunjaanji akataa bantu banji. Musololi wa baJuuda Hillel II wakapa bwiinguzi kukupenzyegwa kwakatobela eelyo mulawo ooyo niwakapegwa kwiinda mukupindula kkalenda lya Bbaibbele. Eeci ncecintu cakadadula Nsabata yamasimpe kuzwa abusena mpoyakali kujaninwa akubikka buzuba bwamituni bwa Mujibelo mucibaka ca Nsabata. Eeco cakaletelezya tunjaanji akuvwambukila munsimunsi akulaale. Zintu zyakacitika kuzwa waawo zicicitika kusikila sunu mbuli muna Kristu amuJuuda uuli woonse nakomba akubalila mazuba aakwe kubelesya kkalenda lina Gregory.

MUCITO

Constantine

Mumusela wane kwakacitika 
kucinca kupati mumusela wanyika. Buna Kristu mbubwakatalika kubaa mpuwo
mu Bulelo bwa Loma kumwi kukomba mituni kwakacaala kakuceendelezya bupaizi
boonse. Cakali ciindi cibotu cakuti muntu omwe abaa nguzu zyakucita cintu
ceebeka cilaa mpuwo akataa misela yoonse.

Constantine Mupati 
(c. 272 – 337 C.E.) wakalizyibidwe kapati kuti ngo Muleli  “Muna Kristu mutaanzi” wabulelo bwa Loma.
Mubwini, walo wakali mutaanzi alimwi kuleka buyo boobo, wakali simituni.  Walo wakalizumizya kubbapatizyigwa kaindi
kasyoonto buyo munsaa kufwa kwakwe pele wakazumanana akuya kumbele kulela
acuuno ca Pontifexi Maximasi,nkokuti Muleli Mupati  kusikila naakafwa.^[1]  Abalo
bakatolika balazumina kuti Constantine wakakkalilila acuuno cabu pontifexi maximasi
naa Muleli Mupati  naakamanizya
“kusanduka”^[2]

Constantine wakali muntu mucenjezu mumakani aamapolitikisi
akulondola bweende bwazintu. Walo wakali kuyandisya kuswaanganya nkamu zilwana
mubulelo bwakwe; nkamu yabakomba mituni ayabana Kristu. BamaJuuda bakali
kabunga kakali kucimwa akataa bantu banji aboobo tiibakalaa mpuwo mpati, mpuwo
yabo yakali cingilidwe. Aboobo, kukanza kwa Constantine kwakali kwakuswaanganya
bulelo bwakwe kwiinda mukujana mbaakani aawo aswaanganina bakomba mituni abana
kristu bakumbo abalo bakali kukomba mituni. Walo wakaganta buzuba bomwe
bwakubaswaanganya, buzuba bwa Nsondo bujanwa mukkalenda lyamituni.

Kkalenda
litaanzi lina Juliyasi, mbweenya mbuli kkalenda lyabulelo bwa Loma
eelyo  lyakali kumbelaa ndilyo, lyakalaa
mazuba aali lusele. Mabala kutalikila a A kusikila ku H akali kwiiminina buzuba
bomwe bomwe bwamvwiki. Aciindi eeco, masi aayimpene, akali kubelesya nzila
ziimpene zyakubalila ciindi, alimwi mu Bulelo bwa Loma amwalo, kwakali
kwiimpana akataa zyooko zinjaanji mukubelesya kkalenda lina Juliyasi. Ikkalenda
lya mituni lilaa mazuba aali ciloba, lyakajuzyigwa mubulelo bwa Loma mumusela mutaanzi
wa B.C.E.^[3]

Nokuba kuti kwakasika kkalenda lyamituni, kkalenda litaanzi
lina Juliyasi lyakazumanana kubelesya mazuba aali lusele kwaciindi cikubwene.
Pele mukuya kwaciindi, “mulongo wamazuba aali lusele aayinduluka kuzinguluka”
wakaatulwa akkalenda lyamazubaano lilaa mazuba aali ciloba, eelyo lyakataanguna
kubelesyegwa mucisi ca Italy muciindi cabulelo buna Juliyasi,^[4]
kaliindide kkalenda lina Juliyasi eelyo lyakabikkwa amulawo mu 45 BC
katanazyalwa Kristu. Inzila yakubalila mazuba kubelesya mabala, ayalo
yakatolelezyegwa mukkalenda lipya lyamazuba aali ciloba… Kwaciindi cikubwene
mvwiki eeyo anzila yakubalila mazuba kubelesya mabala, zyakazumanana
kubelesyegwa antoomwe, pele kusikila buyo ciindi eeco mvwiki
niyaazuminwa akubikkwa mumulawo wa Constantine mu AD 321, eeyo
nzila yakubalila ciindi, yakalilekede kale kubelesyegwa.”^[5]
Eelyo mvwiki yamituni iila mazuba aali ciloba niyakazyibidwe aba Loma
akubelesyegwa muzyooko zyabo, kkalenda lina Juliyasi eelyo lyakali kubelesyegwa
kataninga zyalwa Kristu, akubelesyegwa muciindi cabuumi bwakwe, akumbelaa
mazuba aabuumi bwa Yahushua, lyakacilaa mazuba aali lusele.

Aaka nkasimpe kakonzya kukwabililwa abumboni bwamisela
bujanwa mumayake aansiku: kasamu kalembedwe kkalenda lina Juliyasi kacijanwa
amazubaano kakatondezya mvwiki zyilaa mazuba aali lusele amvwiki zyilaa mazuba
aali ciloba antoomwe mukkalenda lyomwe.

Mbuli bulelo bwa Loma mbubwakali kuyaa
kukwakwamuka kukomena, ayalo mvwiki ilaa mazuba aali lusele yakatalika kuleka
kubelesyegwa. . . .  Kkalenda lyamituni
yazilengwa leza zyamumweenya wakujulu, akkalenda lilaa mazuba aali ciloba
lyabana Kristu, aaya makkalenda obile akajuzyigwa mumunzi wa Loma akutalika
kubaa mpuwo. Kuli bumboni butondezya kuti mvwiki yaba Loma yamazuba aali
lusele, amvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba zyakali kubelesyegwa antoomwe aciindi
cimwi kwaciindi cikubwene. Nokuba boobo, kubelesyegwa antoomwe kwamvwiki
eezyo tiikwakali kweendelana alimwi tiilyakalampa kusikila eelyo bantu nibaleka
kubelesya misyobo yamvwiki zyobile antoomwe. Imwi mvwiki yakeelede kuleka
kubelesyegwa akusowelwa limwi kumbali. Mbuli mbotuzyi toonse, eeyo yakali
mvwiki yamazuba aali lusele yakamwaigwa akumwailwa limwi kuzwa mumusela
wanyika..^[6]

Eeci, tiicakali cintu cakacitika mubuzuba bomwe buyo. Mbuli
kkalenda lyamituni lilaa mazuba aali ciloba mbulyakali kuyaa kubaa mpuwo,
akwalo kubelesya mabala (aa A kusikila ku G) mukubalila mazuba aamvwiki,
kwakalazyikwa ambali, mpoonya mazuba aamvwiki akapegwa mazina aabaleza bamituni
mbuli mbokucili mazubaano mukkalenda ndyotubelesya.

Tacili cintu cikonzya kudonaikwa kuti
kuyambukila kwamaseseke aaku Iran [Pesiya] akwalo kwakalaa mulimo mukutalisya
bakomba mituni kubelesya mvwiki iijisi buzuba bwa Nsondo kuti mbuzuba
busetekene. Mazina aayo ngotubelesya kuulika mazuba aali cisambomwe
aamvwiki, katutakubwene ncotwaayitila boobo, akatalika kubelesyegwa aciindi
bupaizi bwa Mithiraizimu nibwakabaa batobeli muzyooko zya Kumbo, alimwi muntu
inga taabinda kukosozya makani kwaamba kuti aciindi mpeenya aawo bwakazwidilila
akubaa mpuwo bupaizi oobu.^[7]

Bumwi bumboni bwamayake aansiku, butondezya bana Kristu
kababala mazuba aabo kubelesya makkalenda obile antoomwe; eelyo nobakali
kulemba atalaa zyuumbwe, bakali kulemba mazuba aakkalenda lina Juliyasi amazuba
aabalilwa kutobezya kkalenda lyamwezi-azuba lyamu Bbaibbele. Cimwi cilembedwe,
cakalembwa muli Bwasanu, Vwumbi Pati 5, 269 C.E., caamba kuti: “Munguzu zya
Claudius a Paternus, mumwezi wa Nonesi nokuba kuti Vwumbi Pati, mubuzuba bwa
Venus, amubuzuba bwa 24^th bwamwezi uulibonya, Leuces wakalazyika
[ciibalusyo eeci] camwanaakwe musimbi uuyandwa Severa, aku Muya Uusalala Wako.
Walo wakafwa [kalaa myaka yakuzyalwa] 55, amyezi kkumi awumwi,[a] mazuba aali
kkumi.”^[8]

Aaka kasamu ka Kkalenda kakazyila Kumazyiba Aakusambila amubili ookwa Titus, kakabambilwa akataa 79-81 C.E. Katondezya Saturn, ujisi sikela, kaimwi mbuli leza wabuzuba butaanzi bwa mvwiki (Mujibelo). Leza wazuba (Nsondo) nguutobela kumbele lyakwe, awalo katobelwa a leza mukaintu mutuni mwezi (Muvwulo) muli bwatatu bwamvwiki eeyo.

Eeci ncecakatola busena
eelyo Constantine naakabweza ntaamu yakuyungizya nguzu zyakwe mumapolitikisi.
Walo wakayandisya kabunga kabakomba mituni kwiinda kabunga kabana Kristu.
Aboobo, kutaanguna, wakabikka milawo yakali kulemekezya leza mutuni wa Zuba, muBuzuba bwa Zuba, naa kuti bwa Nsondo. Muvwiki ntaanzi yakalaa mazina
aabaleza bamituni, Mujibelo bwakali buzuba butaanzi bwamvwiki. Nsondo yakali
buzuba bwabili muvwiki kusikila kuli Bwasanu mbobwakali buzuba bwa ciloba.

Izuba, nokuba boobo, lyakali citondezyo cakwe cimugaminina
Constantine lwakwe. Walo wakalembya mutwe wakuti Sol Invictus (Zuba
Litakonzyi Kukomwa) atalaa mali makkobili akuzumanana kulembya oobo mubuumi
bwakwe boonse. Kusumpula Nsondo, cakaba cintu citambulika akataa bantu bakomba
mituni alimwi cakali cintu bamwi bana kristu ncibakatalikide kale kuzumina.
Kusikila mumusela wabili, bana Kristu banji (kapati aabo bakali kukkala Kumbo),
bakatalikide kale kulemekezya Nsondo kuti mbuzuba bwakubuka kwa Mufutuli kuzwa
kubafu. Aboobo aawa mpampawo Constantine mpaakajanina busena bwakuti
abaswaanganye antoomwe bakomba mituni abana kristu.

Mulawo wa Nsondo ookwa Constantine
tuuyelede kupegwa mpuwo kapati. Walo wakasanganya
kubamba, akukasya kusampaula Nsondo antangalala, kulesya kuyiita kuti Sabbatum
[Nsabata] nokuba kuti buzuba bwa Simalelo [Buzuba bwa Mwami], pele
kuyiita muzina litaanzi lyansiku lyamituni lyakuti, buzuba bwa Zuba [Nsondo],
mbuli bantu bacisi boonse mbubakazyibide kale, kutegwa awalo mulawo ooyu
utobelwe akulemekwa abaabo bakomba Hercules, Apollo, a Mithras, mbweenya abana
kristu abalo. Kwakanyina mumulawo wakwe caambilizya mulawo wane nokuba
kubuka kuzwa kubafu kwa Kristu.^[9]

Constantine wakali kulanganyigwa kuti muna kristu nkaambo
“mulawo wakwe wa Nsondo” tiiwakageme cintu comwe buyo. Walo wakalikuyanda kuti
oobo buzuba butambulike kuli baabo bakomba mituni antoomwe abana kristu!

Tacili cintu cikatazya kubona, ooyu mulawo
mbuwakali kunga watonkela kumbele makanze ookwa Constantine. Wakali kunga wapa
bulemu kupobwe lya cikombelo cabana kristu,^[10] alimwi wakali kunga
wapa bulemu kumituni yabakomba zibumbwa ayalo. Mubwini kunyina cintu
mumulawo ooyu catakali kunga calembwa amutnu uukomba mituni. Ooyu mulawo
ulemeka mutuni ooyo Constantine ngwaakatalisya kuti ngo leza, Apollo naa Zuba. Alyalo
zina lya buzuba bwini lyakali sabaide kuzyibika. Ibbala lyakuti Nsondo (buzuba
bwa Zuba), lyakali kubelesyegwa akataa bana kristu abakomba mituni
mbweenya buyo.^[11]

Mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba yamituni njiyaagwasyilizya
kapati mukupindula kkalenda. Mvwiki iina Juliyasi yamazuba aali lusele amvwiki
yamazuba aali ciloba ya Bbaibbele, zyakayaamikwa kumbali, mpoonya mubusena
bwazyo kwakabikkwa mvwiki yamituni yabupaizi bwa Mithraizimu. Eeyo mvwiki
yakazyila kukukomba mituni, kutali mu
Bbaibbele mbuli bana kristu mbobasendekezya. “Cakali ciindi cibotu kuswaanganya
mfulumende yacisi acikombelo antoomwe, nkaambo zyakali kuyandana kuba antoomwe.
Oobu bwakali busongo bweebeka muli Constantine bwakubona zintu munzila eeyo
akuzyeendelezya munzila iili boobo. Walo wakabasomba luumuno bantu bacikombelo,
kufumbwa buyo kuti cikombelo kacilanganya mfulumende akutabilila nguzu
zyabaleli.”^[12]

Mulawo wa Nsondo wa Constantine tiiwakamvwanya bakomba
mituni abunji bwabana kristu. Nokuba boobo, wakayungizya kuleta antangalala
kuzwangana kupati ooko kwakaliko kale kwamyaanda yamyaka: kuzwanganina buzuba
kwakusekelela cituuzyo ca Mufutuli. Kusikila ciindi eeci, bunji bwabana kristu,
kapati aabo bakali kukkala Kujwe, bakacili kukomba mu Nsabata
yabuzuba bwaciloba akubamba mapobwe aaciindi comwe amwaka ookwa Yahuwah,
aayo aabalilwa kubelesya kkalenda
litobezya zuba amwezi lyamu Bbaibbele. Abalo banjaanji aabo bakazuminide
kukomba mu Nsondo, bakacili kubelesya kkalenda lyamu Bbaibbele kubalila buzuba
bwa Pasika.

Isita – Pasika wa Bakomba Zilengwa Leza

Ooku kwakali kuzwanganina makkalenda obile aayimpene
kwakatolede ciindi cikubwene.

Kuzwa kumusela wabili A.D. kwakali
kwiimpana akataa mizeezo iijatikizya kusekelela pobwe lya pasika (Isita)
lyakupenga kwa Mufutuli (lufu, kuzikkwa akubuka kuzwa kubafu). Ciyanza cansiku lini cilibonyaanga cakali
cakubamba pobwe eelyo mubuzuba bwa kkumi abwane (buzuba bwa Pasika), bwakkumi
abwasanu, abwakkumi acisambomwe bwa mwezi uulibonya kakwiina kubikkila
maanu buzuba bwamvwiki iina [Juliyasi]nolisika pobwe eelyo kuzwa kumwaka omwe
kusikila mumwaka uutobela. Bamabbishopo baku Loma, mukuyandisya kusumpula
kukomba mu Nsondo kuti libe pobwe, bakakosozya kuti kusekelela ooku kweelede
kucitwa lyoonse muli Basanu, Mujibelo amu Nsondo iitobela buzuba bwakkumi
abwane bwa mwezi uubonwa ameso. Ku Loma, Bwasanu a Mujibelo, akali mazuba
aapobwe lya Isita aakuliimya mpoonya akumanizya kuliimya ooko mukulya mulalilo.Eeci cakaleta kuzwangana ooko kwakatola misela yobile, kusikila Constantine
naakanjila akati kuti alesyelele kulwana ooku, kaiminina babbishopo baku Loma
akukasya nkamu imwi.^[13]

Kamwi kaambo kakaambwa a Eusebius waku Caesarea, kayubununa
kuti, zikombelo zyaku Asia zyakatalikide kaindi kusekelela Pasika mubuzuba bwa
Abibu 14, kakuli zikombelo zyakumbo zyakasandukila kukukomba Isita
wa Nsondo yabakomba mituni:

Mubuzyo wini uuliko aawa ngwakuti, aciindi
eeco [mumusela wabili], yoonse minzi ya BaLoma mucooko caku Asia, mbweenya
mbuli ziyanza zyansiku, ayalo yakali kutobela kuti buzuba bwakkumi abwane
bwamwezi uubonwa ameso, oobo buzuba bamaJuuda nobakalailidwe kutuuzya mwanaambelele,bweelede kubambwa mupobwe lya Pasika wa Mufutuli. Aboobo, tiicakali cintu
ciyandika kulesya kuliimya kwabo mubuzuba oobo, kakunyina makani kufumbwa
buzuba bwamvwiki iina [Juliyasi]mulyakali kusikila pobwe eelyo. Pele
tiicakali ciyanza ca zikombelo munyika yoonse kulesya ciyanza eeco muciindi
eeco pe….^[14]

Kuzinguluka kakwiina kulekezya kwa mvwiki iina Juliyasi
kwakaleta kaambo kakuti Pasika wamu Bbaibbele mubuzuba bwa Abibu 14 tiiwakali
kukonzya kusikila mubuzuba buli boonse bwa mvwiki iina Juliyasi. Aboobo, buzuba
bwa Abibu 16, buzuba bwakubuka kuzwa kubafu, lyoonse tiibwakali kusikila mu
Nsondo pe. Nkabela aabo bakali kutandila kusekelela Isita kubelesya kkalenda
lina Juliyasi bakabikka mulawo waambilizya kuti boonse bana kristu beelede kubamba
buzuba bwakubuka kuzwa kubafu mu Nsondo ya Isita, kuleka mubuzuba bwa Pasika,
Abibu 14. Aboobo, mukulemekezya pobwe lyabakomba mituni, kakusendekezyegwa kuti
nkulemekezya kubuka kwa Jeesu, kwakaatulwa Pobwe
lyokwa Yahuwah eelyo lisekelelwa lufu lwa Yahushua.

Tubungabunga twaba bbishopo twakapegwa
kaambo, alimwi kwiinda mukumvwana antoomwe, akuzuminana, twakabamba akubikka
mulawo wabupaizi wakuti, maseseke aakubuka kwa Mwami kweelede kusekelelwa
kuleka buzuba bumbi pele mubuzuba bwa Mwami [ bwa Nsondo], alimwi swebo
tweelede kubamba pasika akuliimya mubuzuba oobu bulikke.^[15]

Kubuka Kuzwa Kubafu: Ngu Isita? Naa Micelo Mitaanzi?

Aabo bakacilamatide kkalenda lya Bbaibbele bakatongookela
mulawo wababbishopo bakumbo ooyu. Mulugwalo ndubaatumina Victor, Bbishopo waku
Loma, Polycrates wakalomya kwaamba lusyomo lwakwe lwakutobela kkalenda lya
Bbaibbele mukubamba Pasika. Lugwalo lwakwe lulayandika kubana kristu
bamazubaano nkaambo lujatikizya Muyandwa Johani aMwaapositolo Phillip kuti,
abalo bakali kubamba Pasika! Eusebius wakalungulula makani kuti:

Pele babbishopo baku Asia, kabasolwedwa
aPolycrates, bakasala kuyaamina kuciyanza eeco ncibaatambidwe kaindi kuzwa
nsiku. Walo lwakwe, mulugwalo oolo ndwaakalembela Victor acikombelo caku
Loma, wakalemba majwi aatobela aaciyanza eeco ncaakatambwide:

Swebo tubamba buzuba bwini; kakwiina
kuyungizya, nokuba kugwisyila. Nkaambo munyika ya Asia nkobali abamwi balaa
mumuni bakoona mubulongo, aabo bayoobuka mubuzuba bwakuboola kwa Mwami, eelyo
nayoosika mubulemu bwakujulu, alimwi akuyandaula basaante boonse. Akataa baabo
kuti Philip, umwi wabaapositolo bali kkumi ababili . . . alimwi, a Johane, ooyo
wakali kamboni alimwi mwiyi, wakayaamide acamba ca Mwami, alimwi. . . ooyo
wakoonena ku Ephesus.  Alimwi a Polycarp ku Smyrna, ooyo wakali bbishopo
alimwi wakajailwa mulumbe mubotu . . . Boonse aaba bakabamba buzuba
bwakkumi abwane bwa pasika kweendelanya aMulumbe Mubotu, kakwiina kuleyaleya,
pele kabatobela mulawo walusyomo lwesu.^[16]

Kuti basyomi baku Asia nibaakaka kuleka kubelesya kkalenda
lya Bbaibbele kubamba buzuba bwa Pasika, ncintu cikonzyeka kuti bakali kukaka
kusiya Nsabata
yamasimpe  iibalilwa kubelesya
kkalenda eelyo. Bbishopo waku Loma, “mpeenya aawo wakamwantuka akukosozya
lumvwano akataa minzi yaLoma yoonse yakucooko ca Asia, azikombelo zyakali
kumvwana aminzi eeyo, kuti nkunyonganya bupaizi; alimwi walo wakalemba magwalo
akutandila limwi boonse kuzwa mucikombelo.”^[17]

Ncintu ciyandika kubikkila maanu kuti kunyina kuzwangana
kwaacitika mumakani aakubuka kuzwa kubafu. Boonse bobile bakazuminana kuti oobo
buzuba bwakali buzuba bwa Abibu 16, bwakkalenda litobezya mwezi azuba.
Kukazyana kwini, mbuli mbokwaambwa atala aawa, kwakali atalaa makani aabuzuba bwakusekelela. Mazuba abalilwa kubelesya makkalenda, aboobo cintu
citobela ncakuti, ooku kwakali kuzwanganina kkalenda lyeelede kubelesyegwa mukusekelela
mapobwe. Mukumvwanya bana Kristu abakomba mituni, kusekelela kukankaminwa
akubuka kuzwa kubafu kwakeelede kusandulwa kuzwa mukkalenda litobezya mwezi
azuba lya Bbaibbele, kuya ku kalenda lina Juliyasi litobezya zuba lutuzu.
Myaka yone kakubikkidwe milawo iisumpula Nsondo mu 321 C.E., Constantine
wakaita Muswaangano waku Nicea mu 325 kuti amanizye kuzwangana ooku.

Kunyina limbi cituuzyo ca Mufutuli nicakacili
kunoosekelelwa mubuzuba bwa 14^th, 15^th abwa 16^th
bwa Abibu bubalilwa mukkalenda litobezya mwezi azuba. Mumazuba aazya kumbele,
zyoonse zintu zyakwiibaluka zyamusyobo ooyo, ziyoosandwidwa ku kkalenda lina
Juliyasi, oomo mozinkonzya kusensela ooku akooku akataa mazuba aa Miyoba 20-22
kusikila ku Mukubwe Kaangala 22-25. Bbishopo waku Loma lwakwe awalo, kayandisya
nguzu zipati ampuwo zyaku Loma, wakasinikizya makani aaya antoomwe kumwi
kabelesya mpuwo ya Constantine. “Kusikila muciindi ca Constantine, kuzangila
julu mucikombelo kwakali libambide kale kugwasyilila muleli wamfulumende kuti
abelesye nguzu zyakwe kusinikizya bantu boonse kutobela mulawo.”^[18]

Constantine wakali dadanyene kwaamba kuti kkalenda lya
buJuuda tiilyakaceelede kubelesyegwa kubalila mazuba.

Kumuswaangano waku Nice [Nicea], kufumbwa
cakali kujatanya Buna Kristu kubazyali babo cakakoswedwa limwi. Ipobwe lya
Isita kusikila ciindi eeco, lyakali kusekelelwa aciindi comwe a Pasika waba
Juuda, alimwi mazuba akali kubalilwa aba Sanihedulini baku Judæa kubelesya
kkalenda lya baJuuda; pele mumazuba aacizya kumbele lyakali kunoomaninide
kuyaamuka kkalenda lya baJuuda, “Nkaambo tacili cintu ciluleme kuti eeli pobwe
liinda kusetekana akataa mapobwe woonse kalitobela ziyanza zya baJuuda. Aboobo
kuzwa ciindi cino, atulekele limwi akubulile lyo nociba cintu comwe
cituswaanganya abantu bacima aaba; Mufutuli wesu wakatutondezya nzila iimbi.
Inga caba cintu cabufubafuba kuti baJuuda nibali kulidunda kuti swebo
tatukonzyi kusekelela Pasika kakwiina kugwasyigwa akkalenda lyabo ndyobabelesya
kubalila ciindi.” Aaya makani akaambwa a Muleli Constantine . . . [alimwi
akaba] malailile aa Cikombelo eeco lino cakeelede kusala kwakugamika
baJuuda.^[19]

Cintu cakatobela waawo ncakuti “Nsondo ya
Isita” yakanjila mu buna Kristu kayiitwa kuti mbuzuba
bwakubuka kwa Kristu. Ooku kupindula kubalila ciindi kwakacitika
munzila yakuti buzuba oobo bwakali kusolweda Nsondo ya Isita mbobwakabikkwa
kuti bube Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele kukabe kutamani. Eeci ncecintu cini cilaanguzu
“mumulawo wa Nsondo” ookwa Constantine” alimwi cakabikka muzeezo uuciliko
mazubaano wakuti imvwiki zyakali kuzinguluka kakwiina kuyozya kuzwa
kumatalikilo.^[20]

Cintu cakatobela micito ya Constantine, cakagwasyilizya
kabunga kabakomba mituni mubulelo bwakwe. Nokuba boobo, babbishopo basofweede
baku Loma bakasoleka kutondezya bana kristu kuti abalo balagwasyigwa mumilawo
eeyo. “Kusikila muciindi ca Constantine, buzangi bwacikombelo bwakasikide kale
ambaakani yakugwasyilila muleli wamfulumende kuti asinikizye bantu boonse
kutobela milawo yakwe.”^[21] Ikkalenda litobezya mwezi azuba
lyakasimpe, eelyo lyakabambwa kuzwa Kumalengelo akupegwa kusikila kuli Mozesi,
lino lyakamwaigwa akusweeka.

Cintu Cakatobela

Cintu cakatobela waawo ncakuti Constantine wakazwidilila
mubumpelenge akuswaanganya bupaizi bwamisyobo yoonse. Boonse aabo baakaka
kuleka kubelesya kkalenda lya Bbaibbele kubalila Pasika, bakatundululwa kapati
akupenzyegwa.  Mwanaa Constantine
musankwa, Constantius, wakabweza ntaamu kwiinda wisi akubikka mulawo uulesya kubelesya
kkalenda lya Bbaibbele akataa baJuuda abalo. Mulembi wamakani aamisela David
Sidersky wakaamba kuti: “Tiicakacili kukonzyeka mubulelo bwa Constance kuzumanana
kubelesya kkalenda lyansiku pe.”^[22]

Mumyaka yakatobela, baJuuda bakanjila
“mumulilo abuumi buyumu nta mbuli cibulo.” Baleli bana Kristu baakasya
baJuuda kubamba kkalenda, alimwi tiibakazumizya kwaambilizya mazuba
aamapobwe. Graetz waamba kuti, “Mikowa ya baJuuda yakacaala mukudonaika
kutaambiki mumakani aabupaizi aayandika kapati: makani aajatikizya mapobwe
aabo.” Cakatobela ncakuti kubamba makkalenda akubalila ciindi kubelesya
kkalenda lyaba Hebulayo kwakatalika kucitwa a Hillel II lwakwe.^[23]

Mucito wa Constantius wakanyonganya bana kristu
abaapositolo abalo. Eelyo Tertullian^[24] natuyubunwida kuti bana
Kristu bakali kukomba mituni nibakali kupindula kukomba kwabo kuti kubede
“mubuzuba bwa Zuba” kuzwa mumusela wabili, bamwi bakacili kuzumanana kutobela
Nsabata yakasimpe kwacuulu camyaka. Kakwiindide myaka iili makumi one kuzwa
ciindi ca Muswaangano waku Nicea, a Muswaangano waku Laodicea (c. 363-364)
wakabikka kaambo kasinikizya bana Kristu kubeleka mu Nsabata akuleka kubeleka
mubuzuba bwa Mwami. Ooyu mulazyo, wakasandululwa kuya mu Cikuwa, mboobu
mbowaamba ansi aawa:

Bana Kristu tabeelede kucita zya buJuuda
nokuba kukkala abutolo Mujibelo pe, pele beelede kubeleka mubuzuba oobo; pele
buzuba bwa Mwami beelede kubulemekezya, alimwi, kuti kacikonzyeka, akuleka
kucita milimo mubuzuba oobo. Nokuba boobo, kuti bajanwa kabacita ziyanza zya
buJuuda, beelede kujaliwa nzila yakusikila kuli Kristu.

Kweendelanya a bbishopo muna Katolika waku Loma a sicikolo,
Karl Josef von Hefele (1809-1893), kubelesya bbala lyakuti “Mujibelo” atala
aawa, ncintu citaluleme. Mumalembe mataanzi, ibbala lyakabelesyedwe lyakali lyaNsabata naa Sabbato kutali buzuba bwa Saturni naa
Mujibelo.

Nceeci cilembedwe mumulaka waci Latini ansi aawa:

Quod non oportet Christianos Judaizere
et otiare in Sabbato, sed operari in eodem die. Preferentes autem in
veneratione Dominicum diem si vacre voluerint, ut Christiani hoc faciat; quod
si reperti fuerint Judaizere Anathema sint a Christo.

Bana Kristu aciindi cakupindula kkalenda,
tiibakazingidwe mumaanu kuti Mujibelo inga yaba nje Nsabata pe. Boonse
bakalizyi kuti buzuba bwa Saturni bwakaatulwa kuzwa kubuzuba butaanzi mumvwiki
yakkalenda lyabakomba mituni, kuti bube buzuba bucaalizya mumvwiki eeyo . . .
kakuli Nsabata yakali buzuba bwa ciloba bwa kkalenda lya baJuuda litobezya
mwezi azuba, eeyo muleli uuli woonse ndyaatakali kuyanda kulanganya. Alimwi,
aaya mazuba obile aayimpene akali mumakkalenda obile aayimpene ncobeni.^[25]

Nguzu zyamapolitikisi zyabulelo bwa Loma, azyalo
zyakagwasyilizya milawo yabupaizi yokwa Constantine a Constantius. Bamwi
basicikolo nobeezyeezya kuti kuzwangana kwakali amakani aa Mujibelo a Nsondo,
pele makani eeni aamisela ayubununa kuti bantu baciindi eeco bakalizyi kabotu
kuti kwakali kkalenda lyamu Bbaibbele litobezya mwezi uubonwa ameso antoomwe
azuba, alimwi bakalizyi ambolibelesyegwa kkalenda eelyo. Basyomi banjaanji
bakujwe abaabo bakali kulaale abulelo bwa Loma tiibakayandide kuleka kubamba
ciindi munzila ya Bbaibbele. “Aabo bana Kristu bakali kuyandisya kuleka mapenzi
aakubamba Nsabata, bakatalika kubamba buzuba butaanzi bwamvwiki [iina
Juliyasi]. Pele bamwi bakali kukkala kulaale a Bulelo, ooko kwanyina uutayandi
baJuuda, bakazumanana kulemekezya buzuba bwaciloba bwa Nsabata.”^[26]

CINTU CAKATOBELA

Hillel II

Mbweenya mbuli Constantine mbwaakali nguwe wakalaa nguzu
zyakubika milawo eeyo yakanyonyoona kkalenda lya Bbaibbele akataa bana kristu,
aumwi mwaalumi, muJuuda, wakali kumbele kuletelezya cintu cakatobela waawo.

Kakutaninga sika kumwaigwa kwamunzi wa Jelusalema, Mupaizi
Mupati nguwakali kubamba kkalenda. “Eelyo ba Sanihedulini (Bakapaso ba
Nkuta Mpati) nibakali kulelela mu Jelusalema, kwakanyina kkalenda lyakaliko
ciindi coonse pe. Bakali kubalila buyo kuti babone naa ooyo mwaka wakeelede
kuba mwaka wakusotoka mazuba.”^[27] Ooyu mulimo wakacaalila mumaanza
aa Musololi waba Sanihedulini eelyo mulimo wabupaizi niwaamwaigwa. “Mubulelo
bwa Constantius (337-362) kupenzyegwa kwa baJuuda kwakasikila ambaakani yakuti
. . . kubamba kkalenda kwakalesyegwa kuti.”^[28] Nkaambo
kamicito ya Hillel II, Musololi waba Sanihedulini, wakabweza ntaamu mpati
mu  359 C.E.  yakupindulula kkalenda lya Bbaibbele lyansiku
kutegwa baJuuda bakonzye kweendelana akukkala antoomwe abana Kristu.

Naakainda Hillel
II

Mikowa yakali kulaale tiiyakacili kunoolindila batwanga
batumwa bazwa ku Musololi waba Sanihedulini kuti abeetele mulumbe wakutalika
mwezi mupya. Mukowa uuli woonse lino wakali kukonzya kulijanina aakutalikila
mwaka mupya alimwi aleelyo mwezi wakkumi awatatu niwakeelede kubalilizyigwa.

Kkalenda
“litapindaulwi”

Eelyo Hillel II “naakasimpa” kkalenda, wakasanganyizyila
limwi amyaka yakusotoka mukkalenda eelyo.^[29]Ncintu cikonzyekakucita
eeco, pele citakonzyeki kutondezya, eeyi myaka iisotoka mazuba mbuyakali
kubelesyegwa kacitaninga sika ciindi ca Hillel mbuli mbwiitobela mulongo
wamyaka iizingulukana iili 19. Hillel wakasimpa kkalenda lyakwe “mukubalila
myeelwe akubalila misinzo yeenda zilengwa leza mumweenya. Eeli kkalenda,
licibelesyegwa mazubaano, lyakalulamika bulamfu bwamyezi akusanganya myezi
mumulongo wamyaka iili 19, kutegwa ciindi citola mwezi kweenda ceelane aciindi
citola kweenda zuba mumwaka omwe omwe.”^[30] Walo wakaambilizya mwezi
wakkumi awatatu kuti kuusanganyigwa mumyaka iili mumulongo eeyi, watatu,
wacisambomwe, walusele, wakkumi aumwi, wakkumi awane, wakkumi aciloba, awakkumi
afuka.

Pele Hillel wakaindilizya kwiinda kuzyibya buyo
bwakusekkelela myaka mumulongo wamyaka iili 19. Walo wakalonzya kubamba Nsabata
yansiku kuzwa mubuzuba bwamwezi bwa lusele, bwakkumi abwasanu, bwamakumi obile
abwabili, abwa makumi obile afuka mwamwezi uubonwa ameso, akwaapindwida
kubuzuba bwa Mujibelo bwa myezi iina Juliyasi. Ooku kupindula mazuba
kwakaletelezya a milazyo yakusotoosya mazuba: Kupindula buzuba bwa Nsabata
yamvwiki amvwiki kuzwa mukkalenda lyansiku litobezya mwezi azuba, kuya
Mujibelo, ncintu cakali kuyandika kucita antoomwe amilazyo yakusotoosya mazuba
eeyo yakali kubelesyegwa Hillel kataninga “ganta” kkalenda litacincauki, alimwi
eeco tiicakali cintu cakali kuyandika kucitwa. Mubbuku lipandulula mabala lya Universal
Jewish Encyclopedia, “Mwezi ucili, alimwi Nsabata ayalo kumatalikilo
yakayeeme atalaa bweende bwamwezi uubonwa ameso.”^[31] Eelyo
Nsabata amapobwe aaciindi comwe amwaka naabalilwa kubelesya kkalenda litobezya
mwezi azuba, milazyo yakusotoosya mazuba tiiyandiki kubelesya pe. Ndileelyo
buyo mapobwe aaciindi comwe amwaka naabalilwa kubelesya kkalenda lyomwe, a
Nsabata yamvwiki amvwiki niibalilwa kubelesya kkalenda limbi, nokujanika
kwiimpana ooko kuyandika koololwa akubelesya milazyo yakusotoosya mazuba.

Kakwiina milazyo yakusotosya mazuba, mapobwe aaciindi comwe
amwaka alasinkilana a Mujibelo. Ngooyu mukonzyanyo, kuti Pobwe lya Myeembo
(Buzuba bwa Mwezi Mupya mu mwezi waciloba) bwasika mu Nsondo, buzuba bucaalizya
bwa Pobwe lya Mavwuka inga bwaakusika Mujibelo, akusinkilana kubamba buzuba
bucaalizya bwa pobwe. Aboobo mulazyo mutaanzi awabili wakusotosya mazuba
ulayandika. Mulazyo watatu ulomya kubona kuti ooyo mwaka utalampi kwiinda
mazuba aali 355. Mulazyo wane wakusotosya mazuba ulomya kubamba kuti mwaka
uusotoka buzuba uutobela, utafwiimpi kusika amazuba aali 383.^[32]

Eeli kkalenda “lisimbidwe” lilaa milazyo minjaanji kapati.

Kwakali misyobo iili kkumi ayone
yamakkalenda aaci Hebulayo iikonzya kubelesyegwa kubalila myaka, kayiimpene
mubulamfu abuzuba bwa mvwiki eelyo nobusika buzuba bwa Rosh Hashanah. Nkaambo
milazyo yakkalenda ilipilingene kapati, inga kwalibonya kwiinduluka myezi imwi
mukaindi kasyoonto mpoonya yaleka kulibonya kwamisela minjaanji. Pele kkalenda
lya baJuuda lyakali zyibidwe kuti lyakali luleme kapati. “Talisweekelwi” nokuba
“kubungilila” ciindi mbuli mbwaacita makkalenda amwi.^[33]

Eeci cakali cintu ncaakacita Hillel II kutegwa akkalilile.
Wakali kuyanda buyo kujana nzila yakulesya kupenzya baJuuda ooko nkwaakali
kucita mwana wa Constantine, Constantius.

Kubelesya janza lyakwe mwini ooyu Wisi
wabupaizi, wakajaya cizuminano cicaalizya eeco cakaswaanganyide mikowa
yakatanteene mubulelo bwa Loma abwa Pesiya. Walo wakali kuyandisya kuzumananya
buJuuda kuleka kubamba lunyungu lwakwe pe, aboobo wakasiya milimo eeyo
kiitacitidwe, eeco ncecintu  cimwi bantu
balunyungu lwakwe ncibaanyonokela. Ba Sanihedulini bakakkomanina mulimo wakwe.^[34]

Eelyo Hillel II “naakaganta” kkalenda, walo kali mubusena
bwakwe bwakuba Musololi waba Sanihedulini, wakazumizya baJuuda kukomba Mujibelo
kwamazuba woonse aakali kutobela kuzwa waawo.

Tacili cintu cikonzyeka kujana Nsabata
yamasimpe kubelesya kkalenda lina Gregory lyamazubaano. Eeli kkalenda litobezya
zuba luzutu, njeyakali nzila yakukomba mituni yansiku. Ikkalenda lina Juliyasi
litaanzi , lyakabambidwe abantu bakomba mituni, akubambilwa bakomba mituni. Lyakatambulwa mumulawo wamfulumende
kuti kalibelesyegwa mubupaizi ku Muswaangano waku Nicea. Lyakabambululwa aakale
asyaazyibwene wanyenyezi waba Jesuiti, Christopher Clavius, kumatalikilo
aabulelo bwa Poopo Gregory XIII – aboobo zina lya, kkalenda lina Gregory
mpulyakazyila aawo. Clavius awalo wakayumya kwaamba kuti kkalenda lina Juliyasi
(ooko kwakazyila kkalenda lina Gregory), lyakabambilwa atalaa bukombi bwa
mituni alimwi kunyina mpoliswaangene akkalenda lyamu Bbaibbele pe.

Mubusanduluzi bwakwe bwa kkalenda lina Gregory,
Clavius wakazumina kuti eelyo kkalenda lina Gregory nilyakatambulwa kuba
kkalenda lyabupaizi lya Cikombelo, kkalenda lya Bbaibbele lyakasulaikwa:
“Cikombelo ca Katolika kunyina pe nicakabelesyede cilengwa cabuJuuda eeco
mukusekelela Pasika, pele lyoonse mukusekelela kwaco cilangilizya bweende bwa
mwezi ^[35] a zuba, aboobo cakalelekwa abasololi bwasetekene kapati
bansiku baku Loma, pele akulomya kubikkwa mumulawo mu Muswaangano waku
Nicaea.”^[36] Aabo “bapaizi bansiku basetekene kapati baku
Loma”  baambwa waawa, nimbunga yabapaizi
eeyo Constantine, naakali Mupaizi Mupati, ngowakali silutwe wanjiyo.

Constantine wakali kuyandisya lukamantano. Walo
wakazwidilila mumakanze aakuleta lukamantano kwiinda mukubikka mulawo uulesya kubelesya kkalenda lya Bbaibbele
lyakwiibalusya lufu
lwa Yahushua. Hillel II wakali kuyandisya kuvwuna buJuuda. Walo
wakazwidilila mumakanze aakwe aakukamantana abaabo bakomba mituni kwiinda mukupindaula kkalenda lya Bbaibbele.
Cintu cakatobela ncakuti bantu banji bakatalika kweezyeezya kuti Mujibelo nje
Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele akuti Nsondo mbobuzuba oobo Mufutuli naakabuka kuzwa
kubafu. Aboobo, bana Kristu abaJuuda, babalila mazuba aabo aakukomba kubelesya
kkalenda lyabakomba mituni, akusiila kumbali Nsabata yamasimpe yokwa Yahuwah.

Kunyina muntu uuyandisya
ncobeni kukomba Mulengi mu Nsabata iisetekene Yakwe, ooyo uunga wabalila mazuba
aakukomba kubelesya cisesemyo citeeli eeci cisampaula Mwami Yahuwah
akunyonyoona muya wamuntu. Lilikke kkalenda litobezya mwezi azuba lya
Kumalengelo, ndelikonzya kuganta buzuba bwini eelyo Nsabata yamasimpe niisika.
Kolazyiba ansi ziyanza azilengwa zyabantu buno buzuba. Kotambula jwi lyokwa
Yahuwah akukomba Nguwe kutobezya nzila Yakwe njaakabikka, nzila iibelesya
yamwezi azuba antoomwe kupima ciindi, akujana mazuba woonse ngayelede kukombwa.

^[1] Ooyo mutwe wacuuno,
wiitwa kuti poopo, uzyila kumunzi wa Loma wansiku. Musololi Mupati wakali
mupaizi mupati wa Mbungano ya Bapaizi bakomba mituni baku Loma. Cakali cuuno
cabupaizi amfulumende antoomwe.

^[2] New Catholic
Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 179-181. Zintu zilembedwe zinjaanji zilajanwa
mubbuku lya Corpus Inseriptionum Latinarum, 1863 ed., Vol. 2, p. 58,
#481; “Constantine I”, New Standard Encyclopedia, Vol. 5. Kolanga
amubbuku lya Christopher B. Coleman, Constantine the Great and Christianity,
p. 46.

^[3] Langa mubbuku
lya  Robert L. Odom, Sunday in Roman
Paganism, “Mvwiki ya Zilengwa Leza mu Musela Mutaanzi B.C.”

^[4] P. Brind’Amour, Le
Calendrier romain: Recherches chronologiques, 256–275.

^[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar#Nundinal_cycle

^[6] Eviatar Zerubavel, The
Seven-day Circle, p. 46.

^[7] Franz Cumont, Textes
et Monumnets Figures Relatifs aux Mysteres de Mithra, Vol. I, p. 112,
emphasis supplied.

^[8] E. Diehl, Inscriptiones
Latinae Christianae Veteres, Vol. 2, p. 193, No. 3391. Kolanga abbuku lya
J. B. de Rossi, Inscriptiones Christianac Urbis Romae, Vol. 1, part 1,
p. 18, No. 11.

J. B. de Rossi,

^[9] Philip Schaff, History
of the Christian Church, Vol. III, p. 380.

^[10] Kusikila ciindi
eeci, bana kristu aabo bakatalikide kukomba mituni kucooko cakumbo bakali
kulemekezya buzuba bwa Nsondo kuti mbobuzuba bwa kubuka kuzwa kubafu kwa Yahushua.

^[11] J. Westbury-Jones, Roman
and Christian Imperialism, p. 210.

^[12] Michael I.
Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, p.
456.

^[13] Odom, op. cit.,p. 188.

^[14] Eusebius, Church
History, Book V, Chapter 23, v. 1.

^[15] Ibid., v.
2.

^[16] Ibid., Chapter
24, v. 1-4, 6.

^[17] Ibid., v.
9.

^[18] Michael I.
Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, p.
456.

^[19] Heinrich Graetz, History
of the Jews, (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1893),
Vol. II, pp. 563-564.

^[20] eLaine Vornholt
& Laura Lee Vornholt-Jones, Calendar Fraud, “Biblical Calendar
Outlawed,”.

^[21] Rostovtzeff, op.
cit., p. 456.

^[22] David Sidersky, Astronomical
Origin of Jewish Chronology, p. 651.

^[23] Grace Amadon,
“Makani aakalembwa ambunga Yabuvwuntausi aa Misela, Kuvwelanya, aBumboni bwa
kwiimina mubuzuba bwa Kavwumbi Kaniini 22, 1844,”, Part V, Sec. B, pp. 17-18,
Box 7, Folder 1, Grace Amadon Collection, (Collection 154), Center for
Adventist Research, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.

^[24] Tertullian,Apologia,
chap. 16, in J. P. Migne, Patrologiæ Latinæ, Vol. 1, cols. 369-372;
busanduluzi bwa Cikuwa mubbuku lya Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 3, p. 31.

^[25] Vornholt, op.
cit., “Changing the Calendar: Papal Sign of Authority.”

^[26] Leslie Hardinge,
Ph.D., The Celtic Church in Britain, p. 76. Bana kristu baku Scotland
bakazumanana kubalila buzuba bwa Pasika kubelesya kkalenda lya Bbaibbele
kusikila nibaalelwa amwami mukaintu wa Bukatolika bwaku Loma mumusela wakkumi
aumwi.

^[27] http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/526875/jewish/The-Jewish-Year.htm

^[28] Cakalembululwa
kuzwa mubbuku lya The Jewish Encyclopedia, “Calendar, History of,” http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3920-calendar-history-of.

^[29] Busanduluzi
bwakubalila kubelesya kkalenda lyabamayi bamilawo lyokwa Hillel II, langa
cilembedwe, aawa http://www.jewfaq.org/calendr2.htm.

^[30] Judaism 101,
“Jewish Calendar,” www.jewfaq.org

^[31] Universal Jewish
Encyclopedia, “Holidays,” p. 410.

^[32] http://www.ironsharpeningiron.com/postponements2.htm

^[33] http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/526875/jewish/The-Jewish-Year.htm

^[34] Graetz, op.
cit., Vol. II, p. 573.

^[35] “Isita ndipobwe
likonzya kuselela ooku akooku; eeco caambilizya kuti talisiki mubuzuba mbweenya
bwamwaka amwaka. Pele ino kayi Isita wakali kubalilwa buti? Muswaangano waku
Nicaea (A.D. 325) wakabikka buzuba bwa Isita kuti bube mu Nsondo iitobela mwezi
uuzwide kumweka ooyo uutobezya Pasika, ooyo wakali mwezi uuzwide kumweka
uusikila muciindi camalubaluba.(http://catholicism.about.com/od/holydaysandholidays/f/Calculate_Date.htm)