Eeco cisisidwe cilubidwe!

Basicikolo
bana Juuda balazumina kuti Mujibelo
teesyi Nsabata yansiku ntaanzi mu Mangwalo
pe.

Mark Twain, mulembi wazintu zisesya, cimwi
ciindi wakati: “Kanjikanji citola mvwiki zyotatwe kuti ndibambe mulumbe wakupa
bantu ndilyona lino.” Bantu babandikila nkamu balayiya kufwamba kubona kuti
citola mizeezo akulibambila kunjaanji kutegwa mulumbe wabo uteelelwe akujata
mizeezo yabamwi. Kuli nzila zyakweeta mulumbe eezyo bantu babandikila nkamu
nzyobayiisyigwa kuti batazibelesyi nkaambo nokuba kuti zijata myoyo bantu, pele
tazyikwe maanu pe. Aboobo eezyo nzila zyakwaambaula inga tiizya teelelwa  amuntu naba ni.

Kumwi kukazya Nsabata iitobezya mwezi azuba,
ooko kumvwugwa ziindi zinji nkwakuti: “Bama Juuda taakwe nobakalubila amakanaa
Nsabata yakasimpe pe!” Ooku kwaamba boobu takupi bumboni bwacintu nociba buti
pe! Kutyola buyo milazyo yobile yakujana kasimpe:

1. Mukwaamba boobu nkusoleka
   kujana nguzu mukwiimina akaambo aaka kakwiina kulangaula kumbi pe.  Aawa, nkusoleka kwaamba kuti, bama Juuda
   bamazubaano bacilaa nguzu akusyomeka nkaambo mbabazyi kabotu Nsabata iiluleme
   niisika.

2. Eeyi nzila ibelesya twaambo
   tupelengusya! Mumajwi amwi, ibelesya kaambo kutegwa kwaambwe kuti nkakaambo
   kapa bumboni kakunyina kuvwuntauzya twaambo tumwi pe! Mbuli  boobu, 
   A) Bama Juuda bakomba Mujibelo, aboobo 
   B) Mujibelo nje Nsabata, nkaambo, C) mbobuzuba bama Juuda nobakomba.

Masimpe ngakuti, kunyina makani kufumbwa
ncasyoma naa ncacita mu Juuda,  pele
Mujibelo teesyi Nsabata ya Bbaibbele pe. Basicikolo bana Juuda tiiyakaba
“sweeka” Nsabata pe, pele bakalisalila lwabo beni kabakkwene maanu kucinca
kkalenda eelyo lyaali kubelesyegwa kujanya Nsabata. Alimwi eeci caacitika
kaindi loko cakuti bunji bwaba Juuda sunu tabakubwene kuti ninzi caatobela
kupindaulwa kwa makkalenda ooko.

Muswaangano waku Nicea weelede kulangisyigwa
nkaambo ndendilyo eelyo bukombi bwamituni nibwaanjila
mu Cikombelo akumwaya lusyomo lusalala lwabaapositolo abana Kristu
bataanzi. Muswaangano ooyu ulaa milimo amubu Juuda nkaambo niwaayinda,
ndendilyo kupenzyegwa kupati nikwaasika ali boonse aabo bakacinamatide kubamba
ciindi camu Bbaibbele.

Mumuswaangano waku Nice [Nicea] kufumbwa
coonse eeco cakajatenye Buna Kristu ankubwaazyila cakakosolwa. Pobwe lya Isita
kusikila waawo lyakali kusekelelwa kanjikanji aciindi comwe apobwe lya Pasika
lyaba Juuda, alimwi mumazuba aajanwa akugantwa aba Sanihedulini baku Judea
kuti nolyeelede kusekelelwa; pele kuzwa waawo kuya kumbele lyakali
kunoosekelelwa kakunyina kuyaama akkalenda lyaba Juuda.¹

Constantine Mupati, muleli wakaita
muswaangano ooyo kutegwa atonkela kumbele nguzu zyabulelo bwakwe, wakalailila
bana Kristu ncobakeelede kutobela. Wakali kuyanda kuti balyaandanye kubukombi
bwamasimpe nkobaazyila. Walo wakabalailila kuti, mumazuba aazya kumbele,
kunyina mapobwe aabupaizi aacinoojanwa kubelesya kkalenda lyaba Juuda,
akupandulula kuti:

“Nkaambo tacilangiki kabotu aaniini pe kuti
mubuzuba bwa [Isita] oobo bwiinda kusetekana
amapobwe oonse, iswe katucitobela zilengwa zyaba Juuda. Kuzwa waano kuya
kumazuba aacizya kumbele, tutabaa cintu ncotukonzyanya abantu bacima aaba;
Mufutuli wesu wakatutondezya nzila imbi. Inga caba cintu cifubaazya kuti bama
Juuda nibali kukonzya kulidunda kuti iswe tatukonzyi kusekelela pobwe lya
Pasika kakunyina kubelesya nzila amilazyo yabo yakujanya [kkalenda].” ²

Ooku kulailila kwakaletelezya tunji,
kujatikizya nzila yakubamba kkalenda lyansiku. Constantius, mwanaa Constantine,
walo wakaindilizya caacita wisi. Constantine wakapa mulawo uukasya kubelesya
kkalenda lyaba Juuda mukujana mapobwe aabupaizi. Constantius waabakasya ba
Juuda abalo kubelesya kkalenda lyabo. “Mubuleli bwa Constantius (337-362) bama
Juuda bakapenzyegwa cakuti bakasikila . . . mpobakali kusubulwa calufu kuti
babelesya kkalenda lyabo.”³ Eeco caacitika kuciindi eeco ceelede kulangisyigwa.
Nibakapenzyegwa kapati, bama Juuda abalo lwabo beni bakapindula nzila
njibaali kujanya ciindi. Hillel Wabili, mupati waba Sanihedulini ucaalizya,
walo lwakwe nguwaacinca nzila eeyo, akuzumina Mujibelo kuti ibe nje Nsabata.

Kupengesya kwaba Juuda kuciindi eeco ncicaapa
kuti bakake kasimpe kwiinda mumicito ya Hillel Mupati nokuba kuti
tikwaanazuminwa abantu banji. Cilengwa cakusisikizya kujana mwezi mupya amwaka
uyungizya mwezi omwe, akuzyibya mikwasyi ziindi zya mapobwe mukubelesya
batumwa, cakacili kuya kumbele kusikila waawo. Muciindi cakupenzyegwa, mubuleli
bwa Constantius, eeci cilengwa cakabula mulimo, alimwi ticaacili kukonzyeka
kucita. Ba Sanihedulini nibaakasyigwa kujana mazuba aamapobwe, bama Juuda
banjaanji bakali mumasi amwi bakacaala kabacizyi ceelede kutobelwa mubupaizi.
Kutegwa alesye kupenzyegwa ooku akutazyibya bantu banji caali kutola busena, Hillel
Wabili wakabamba kkalenda licaalizya alimwi litacinci . . . Ajanza lyakwe Walo
wakamwaya kufumbwa caajatenye akataa mikwasyi eeyo yakatanteene mubulelo bwa
Loma a Pesiya aba Sanihedulini.⁴

Nkaambo kakuti eeci cakacitika kwamyaka
yainda cuulu amyaanda cisambomwe, ncencico bantu banji sunu ncobaide kutobela
Mujibelo kuti ni Nsabata yamasimpe alimwi nkaambo biyo kuti ba Juuda abalo
bakomba Mujibelo. Nokuba boobo, basicikolo ba Juuda,  balizyi kabotu kuti ooku kwakali kucinca
kkalenda munzila iimaninide:

Kutalika mwezi mupya mukulangilizya mwezi
mupya watalika kulibonya, akuboola kwamainza, ncintu cikonzya buyo kucitwa aba
Sanihedulini. Muciindi ca Hillel Wabili, . . . ba Loma baakasya cilengwa
eeci. Aboobo, Hillel Wabili, wakasinikizyigwa kuti abikke kkalenda litacincululwi,
mukucita boobu wakazumizya ba Sanihedulini boonse kuti batobele kkalenda lipya
eeli mumyaka iicizya kumpelaa mazuba.⁵

Inga tiitwaindilizya kwaamba cintu eeci:
basicikolo baJuuda balizyi kabotu kuti kkalenda ndyobabelesya mazubaano
liliimpene kapati akkalenda eelyo Yahuwah ndyaakaanzika mumulengalenga,
akwiibalusya Muusa muciindi ca Kulonga. Eezi nzyotulemba mucibalo eeci zyizwa
cigaminina kuzilembedwe mutwaambo twaba Juuda lwabo beni. Balo balaamba
cakutazelazela kuti Mujibelo kuleka biyo kutaba Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele pele
abalo lwabo balizyi kuti Mujibelo tiili Nsabata pe.

Kucinca Kkalenda

Basicikolo baJuuda balizyi kuti nkucinca kkalenda
ooko kwaacincilizya Nsabata yamasimpe ayalo. Mwiyi Louis Finkelstein wakali
Sicikolo muna Juuda waazyibidwe kabotu akulemekwa. Mikwasyi yaba Juuda
kuzinguluka nyika yakasala Finkelstein kuti abe umwi waba Juuda bali mwaanda
amakumi obile aabo baiminina “lambe lyabu Juuda” anyika. Mulugwalo lwa Mulumi
20, 1939, Finkelstein wakazumina kuti, “Ikkalenda lyabu Juuda lyamazubaano
lyakabambwa mumusela wane kazyedwe Kristu.”⁶

Heinrich Graetz, mumalembe aakwe aayo
aakalembwa a Mbunga yabu Juuda ku Amelika, wakazumina kuti, “ Nokuba kubelesya
kkalenda naa kuulisya zintu zilembedwe zijatikizya zyabupaizi, akwalo
kwaakasyigwa” mumusela wane kazyedwe Mufutuli.⁷

Bantu banji beezyeezya buyo kuti nkaambo kkalenda lya poopo Gregory lyamazubaano lilaa mvwiki zyizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya ijisi mazuba
aali ciloba , eeyo mvwiki ibelesyegwa mazubaano, yakasekkwa mumvwiki ya
CiHebulayo yamazuba ali ciloba munzila iitaluleme. Nkaambo kaboobu, balo baamba
kuti Mujibelo nje Nsabata ya Mangwalo. Ooku kweezyeezya boobu, takuli kuteelela
kululeme kuti kkalenda lizinguluka zuba mumwaka omwe akkalenda lya Bbaibbele
litobezya mwezi azuba kuti mbulyaali kubeleka.

Nsabata Yansiku Yakalaandeene

Mazuba aa Kujulu Aaasetekene

Basicikolo baJuuda balizyi kuti Nsabata eeyo
yaali kubambwa abaluleme kuzwa mumusela wane kujoka musyule kusikila
Kumalengelo, tiiyakali Nsabata iitobela mvwiki yamazubaano iizinguluka kakwiina
aakutalikila pe. Pele, myezi yakali kutobela zibeelabeela zya mwezi
mbuulibonya. Mulongo wamvwiki awalo wakali kwiinduluka kutalika liya mwezi mupya
watalika kulibonya. Aboobo, Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba tiiyakali cibeela
camvwiki iizunguluka kakwiina aakutalikila mbweenya mbuli Mujibelo mazubaano

Mwezi Mupya ucili, alimwi Nsabata ayalo
kumatalikilo yakayeeme abweende bwa mwezi . . . Kumatalikilo, Mwezi Mupya
wakali kusekelelwa mbubwenya mbuli Nsabata; mukuya kwa ciindi wakaleka
kuyandika pele Nsabata yakaya kumbele kuba buzuba bwabantu abupaizi,
bwakulizeeza mubupaizi akulaililwa, bwa luumuno akukkomana kwa muuya.⁸

Ba Juuda bamazubaano bacijana mazubaa
mapobwe aabo amwaka kababelesya nzila yakubala ciindi iitobezya mwezi azuba
antoomwe. Nkakaambo aaka Pasika (Pascha) aBuzuba bwa Kunununwa (Yom
Kippur) ncobusensela kuzwa kubuzuba oobu kuya kubuzuba bwa kkalenda lina
Gregory lilaa mvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya. Nsabata amvwiki zyabo,
nokuba boobo, tazyiceendelani antoomwe azibeela zya mwezi pe.

Mpampawo aawa banji mpobasolekela kutondezya
kuti Mujibelo ni Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele mpobaide kulubizya. Beezyeezya kuti
nkaambo ba Juuda bakomba Mujibelo, ayalo mvwiki ya Bbaibbele yakali kuzinguluka
kakwiina kuyozya, pele mapobwe alikke ngaakayeeme azibeela zya mwezi. Ooku
takuli kweezyeezya ooko kwaaswaangenye basicikolo ba Juuda pe. Balo balizyi
kabotu kuti Nsabata yansiku tiiyakali kukonzya
kuba cibeela camvwiki izinguluka kakwiina kuyozya pe nkaambo ayalo Nsabata
yamasimpe yakayeeme azibeela zyamwezi. Aaka kaambo kakankamya, kalizyibidwe
mucilembedwe mubbuku lyabu Juuda, Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: “ Mbuli
buzuba bwa Nsabata mbobuyandika kapati kuti mbuzuba bwa kulipa kumulengi alimwi
kuti buyeeme amweelwe uuyandika wa ciloba, nkabela mvwiki yakayaamuka zibeela
zyamwezi aawo mpuyaali kujaninwa. . . .” ⁹

Kulangikaanga ooku kucinca Nsabata kuzwa
akuyaama zibeela zya mwezi kuya ku Nsabata ya Mujibelo iizinguluka kakwiina
kuyozya, kwaacitika muciindi Hillel wabili eelyo “naakapindula” kkalenda.
Taakatondezya buyo milazyo yabo yakubamba kkalenda. Kulangikaanga walo
nguwaaleta Nsabata ya Mujibelo eelyo naakapindula kkalenda, aboobo
wakabikkilizya “mulawo wakugwisya mazuba.” Kusikila aciindi eeco, eeyi milazyo
tiiyakali kuyandika nkaambo mapobwe aamwaka aNsabata zyamu mvwiki zyakali
kusekelelwa akkalenda ndeenya lyomwe litobezya mwezi azuba antoomwe.
Pele eelyo mapowe aamwaka naakali kujanwa kubelesya kkalenda lyamwezi azuba
antoomwe, Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba yakali kujanwa munzila yaandeene,
nzila yakkalenda litobezya zuba lilikke buyo, mpawo aawo mpukwaabeda
kwiimpana. Aboobo ncencico eeco ncaakabikkila “milazyo yakusotauka mazuba”
kutegwa asise kwiimpana ooku akuswaanganya nzila zyakubala ciindi.

Ba Sadyusi: Balaa Nguzu atalaa Kkalenda

Muziindi zimwi muntu uuyandisya kasimpe inga
watalika kukazya kuti “Pele tee kayi kuti kkalenda nilyakalilubide muciindi ca
Yahushua, walo naakalulamika kulubila ooko!” Eeco cili masimpe, alimwi
ciyubununa kuti kkalenda lyaali kubelesyegwa abana Isilayeli mumusela mutaanzi
kazyedwe Mufutuli, lyakacili kkalenda lyaku Malengelo.
Kuciindi eeco, Mupaizi Mupati nguwaali kweendelezya kkalenda. Wakali mulimo
wakwe kwaambila bantu kuti Myezi Mipya yasika, akubaambila nokwaali
kuyungizyigwa mwezi wakkumi aayitatu ooyo
wakali kubikkilwa kweelanya bweende bwa myezi azuba. Bapaizi bapati lyoonse
bakali kuzyila kunkamu yaba Sadyusi. Eeci ncintu ceelede kubikkilwa maanu.
Nokuba kuti ba Sadyusi eezyo nzyibakali kusyoma zimwi tiizyakaluleme,
balo, mbuli Yahushua, baali kakide milawo yazilengwa zyaba Falisi. Bakaimvwi
amilawo ya Muusa, kuti mpaazyila nguzu zyabulemu.

Yahushua wakali bwene cakusalala  akataa “zilengwa zyabantu” eezyo ba Falisi
nzyobaali kukulaika banamaleya, akwaandaanya mukowa wabantu kuzwa kuli
Sikabumba wabo. Walo wakainduluka akulomya kubakalalila nkaambo kamilwi
yamilazyo azilengwa eezyo ba Falisi nzyobaali kusinikizya bantu. Eezi zilengwa
zyakali mikuli iilema alimwi zyakaba cintu cakulinontola kuti muntu atasiki
kukasimpe. Kaindi kasyoonto katana fwa, Yahushua wakasoleka ciindi cicaalizya
kujata mizeezo ya basikuupaupa ameso aaba. Mumulumbe wakwe, uulembedwe muli Mateyo 23, kuli kusoleka kutyompya moyo kuti anyonene
myoyo miyumi aanga mabwe, kuti igame kukasimpe.

Ooku kusumpula zilengwa zyabantu kuti
zyeelane amulawo wabulemu kwakajosyelwa ansi mumoza. “Maawe
kulindinywe nobalembi aba Falisi, nobasikuupaupa ameso! Nkaambo muleenda
mulwizi aanyika kutegwa musandule muntu omwe, kumane aba umwi wanu mumupa
kweelela kunyonyoonwa mu Gehena ziindi zyobilo kwiinda ndinywe.” (Mateyo 23:15)

Kumamanino, ba Falisi
bakazwidilila. Mbunga yaba Sadyusi aabo bakali kweendelezya kkalenda lya
Bbaibbele, yakamwayika Jelusalema niwaadilisyigwa.

Nilyaadilisyigwa Tempele
(myaka makumi ciloba kazyedwe Mufutuli), ba Sadyusi bakazimaanina limwi,
akusiya bweendelezi bwa makani aabu Juuda mumaanza aaba Falisi. Kuzwa waawo,
buumi bwaba Juuda bwakali kweendelezyegwa aaba Falisi; woonse musela waba Juuda
wakalandabikwa munzila zyabweende bwaba Falisi, alimwi cintu cimwi cakapegwa
eeco cijatikizya musela waba Sanihedulini. Mundando wazilengwa  mupya wakaatula zilengwa zyabupaizi (Abot
1:1). BuFalisi bwakeendelezya ciimo cabu Juuda, alimwi abuumi amizeezo yaba
Juuda mumisela yakacili kuzya kumpelaa mazuba.¹⁰

Ba Falisi balikke
bakacaala kabaliibide kubikka milawo amilazyo yabo. Zyoonse zilengwa zyaba
Falisi zyaambaulwa  kumulomo, lino
zyakalembwa mubbuku lya Talmud, akuba zya Bwiiyi buna Juuda. Kkalenda
libelesyegwa mazubaano aba Juuda, lyakazyila mukupindulwa kwa kkalenda
lyakumatalikilo. Lyakasofwaazyigwa azilengwa zyaba Falisi eezyo zyakalembwa
mubbuku lya Talmud! Mwiiyi Louis Finkelstein, ooyo ngutwaamba kale, walo
wakati:

Bu Falisi bwakaba
bbuku lya Talmud . . . [pele] muuya waba Falisi bansiku ulazwidilila
kuutapindaudwe pe. Eelyo mu
Juuda . . .  nabala bbuku lya Talmud,
ubala mizeezo iibelesyegwa muzikolo zyaku Palesitaini. . . . Muuya wa
lusyomo lwaba [ba Falisi] uciliko alimwi ucilaa nguzu. . . . Kuzwa ku
Palesitaini kusikila ku Bbabbuloni; kuzwa ku Bbabbuloni kuya ku Nyika lya
Afulika, Italy, Spain, France, aku Jelemani; kuzwa kumasi aaya kuya ku Polandi,
ku Russia, akuzisi zyakujwaa bukuwa, bu Falisi bwansiku bwakabanda. ¹¹

Zilengwa zyamu Talmud
ziyiisya kuti, kuti umwi walubila kujana nokweelede kuba Nsabata, coonse
ncayelede kucita nkukomba buyo kufumbwa buzuba bwa ciloba. Aaka nkakaambo keni
ncokutamininwa kuti Mujibelo ni Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba.

Ibbuku lya Talmud
lyeelela nguzu zijisi zikolo zyansiku (zyaba Falisi). Bamayi bazikolo eezyo, baku Bbabbuloni aku
Palesitaini, bakali kulangwa kuti mbabaakona mulimo waba Sanihedulini. . . .
aciindi cino, ba Juuda tabajisi nguzu zipona zibeendelezya mbuli ba
Sanihedulini bansiku nokuba zikolo zyaatobela mbabo.  Aboobo, kufumbwa kaambo keelede kucitwa
kajatikizya bupaizi bwaba Juuda keelede kuyaama buuku lya Talmud kuti mpaazwide
kuyiisya koonse kwa nguzu zyaba [Falisi] nibaacili bazumi.”¹²

Amubikkile maanu kuti
Finkelstein lwakwe waamba kuti bbuku lya Talmud ndya zilengwa zyaba Falisi.
Eezyo nzye “zilengwa zyabantu” zyalo Kristu nzyaakakalila muciindi camulimo
Wakwe. Eeci ncintu cipati nkaambo nzilengwa zyaba Falisi zyakapa kuti Nsabata
yakumatalikilo ibikkwe ambali. Caandaano 7 aawo aalembedwe bbuku lya Talmud
kujatikizya Nsabata lyaamba kuti: “Umwi uuli mumusinzo munkanda alimwi katazyi
kuti mbuli buzuba bwa Nsabata, weelade buyo kubala mazuba aali cisambomwe kuzwa
abuzuba (oobo naayibaluka kuti) waimpya Nsabata, akukomba muli bwaciloba
butobela.” ¹³

Ikkalenda lya Mulengi

Kuzeka kuti basyomi
beelede kukomba Mujibelo nkaambo abalo ba Juuda nobakomba, nkweezyeezya
kulubide mukuyeeya kuti ba Juuda tabakonzyi kukomba mubuzuba bumbi pele mu
Nsabata yamasimpe. Twaambo tuzyila kuba Juuda beni, tutondezya kuti ooku
nkuyeeya kunyongene kapati. Balo bakakiicinca ncobeni Nsabata liya nibaacinca
kkalenda eelyo lyaali kubelesyegwa kujanya Nsabata yamasimpe.

Insabata tiili cintu
caabikkwa amuntu pe. Yakabikkwa mubulemu a Mulengi Lwakwe Mwini.  Aboobo, taakwe nguzu zyaanyika, nokuba poopo,
naa muJuuda, ulaa nguzu zyakubikka buzuba bumbi kuti mbobuzuba bwa kukomba
akubelesya kkalenda limbi lyakujanya buzuba oobo. Insabata yeelede kuba citondezyo
citeeli akataa Mulengi azilengwe Zyakwe zimutobela. “Ncobeni Nsabata zyangu
inywe mweelede kuzyibamba: nkaambo ncitondezyo akataa ndime andinywe mumisela
yenu yoonse; kutegwa mukazyibe kuti Ndime Yahuwah ooyo uumusalazya. Inywe
aboobo mweelede kubamba Nsabata; nkaambo ilisetekene kuli ndinywe.” (Kulonga
31:13-14)

Boonse bayandisya
kulemeka Sikabumba wabo bayoomutobela Walo akumukomba mu Nsabata Yakwe,
akutalanganya zilengwa zyaba Juuda nokuba kkalenda lyaba Katolika. Pele balo
bayookomba Nguwe mu Nsabata iisetekene eeyo iijanwa mukubelesya kkalenda
lyakumatalikilo litobela mwezi azuba antoomwe, eelyo lyaabikkwa ku Malengelo.

2 Graetz, Vol. 2, pp. 563-564.

3 Excerpted from The Jewish Encyclopedia,“Calendar.”

4 Graetz, Vol. 2, pp. 572-573, emphasis
supplied.

5 “The Jewish Calendar and Holidays (incl.
Sabbath): The Jewish Calendar: Changing the Calendar,” http://www.torah.org/, emphasis supplied.

6 Box 6, Folder 4; Grace Amadon Collection,
(Collection 154), Center for Adventist Research, Andrews University, Berrien
Springs, Michigan.

7 Graetz, Vol. 2, p. 571.

8 Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, “Holidays,” p. 410.

9 Universal
Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. X, “Week,” p. 482.

10 “Pharisees,”The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol.
IX, (1901-1906 ed.), p. 666.